The Ultimate End Of A Marriage Essay - 2044 Words

English 111 Mrs. Mitchell Divorce and Children The ultimate end to a marriage is painful and some of his celebrity affect life in question is connected to. Perhaps the chaos and stress, emotions that divorce some time before prevailing, ensue and now split the family unit. Children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of divorce. Unable to understand and process such complex matters of life, the children their heartache and confusion to resort to alternative methods. The fact that parents divorce affects children, and remains with them throughout their life. They suffer from psychological and behavioral problems; any grownup child can relay past feelings that accompanied the demise of their caretaker’s marriage. Regardless of the length of time, few children are unable to provide some recollection of pain. Relationships are often stressed, psychologically affected, and the future can seem bleak. When we gravity with which a child understand divorce is impacted, in the hope that the couple s marriage on behalf of al l the opportunities of energy dedicated salvage. Children in divorced families and stepfamilies, as compared to those in non-divorced families, are more likely to exhibit behavioral and emotional problems, lower social competence and self-esteem, less socially responsible behavior, and poor academic achievement. â€Å"Ann Brownson in his journal States that, approximately six to ten his parents divorce, illustrating what my experiences with each child.Show MoreRelatedDisney s The Little Mermaid1514 Words   |  7 PagesAs children, people grow up watching Disney movies wishing that one day they could be the beautiful princess that is saved by the ultimate fairytale prince or the town hero that slays the mighty dragon. The power Disney has on the public is unmatched by almost any other corporation as they have the power to influence the minds of young children. 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Learning in the Social environment Free Essays

Introduction The first social environment is our home, where our family dwells. This kind of environment forms our initial learning, behaviors and our characteristics which give us ideas of who we are and how we are going to act and respond on future circumstances. What we usually see in our everyday living contribute much to our totality as human beings. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning in the Social environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Dr. Bilal Iqbal Avan on his researched that â€Å"during the first three years of life, development of neuronal connections within the brains is condition by the child’s perception of environmental stimuli conveyed by all modalities of sensation. This process affects learning ability, behavior and health in childhood, adolescence and maturity.† (See B. I. Avan, â€Å"The Social Environment during Early Childhood Development in Sindh†. Department of community health Science: School of nursing, the Aga Khan University). *Social Environment Affects Learning* In a study entitled â€Å"Observational Learning† stated that â€Å"observational learning happens when an observer’s behavior changes after viewing the behavior of a model. An observer’s behavior can be affected by the positive or negative consequence, which is called vicarious reinforcement or vicarious punishment, of a model’s behavior. It stated that the observer will imitate the model’s behavior if the model possesses characteristics that the observer finds attractive or desirable. The observer will react to the way the model is treated and mimic model’s behavior. A distinction exists between an observer’s â€Å"acquiring† a behavior and â€Å"performing† a behavior. Through observation, the observer can acquire the behavior without performing it† (See â€Å"Observational Learning†. Funderstanding). Erin C. Barrett, November 23, 2003, stated that according to Armrod that â€Å"learning is a  means through which we acquire not only skills and knowledge but values, attitudes, and emotional reactions†¦ Barrett continued that the â€Å"behavioral learning theory focuses on the learning of tangible, observable behaviors or responses. Through a continual process of stimulating a desired response and reinforcing that desired response, the learner eventually changes their behavior to match the desired response. She continued that â€Å"learning happens in the most basic way and it is something that we can see. As long as the desired behavior is happening, then learning has occurred† (See E. C. Barrett, November 23, 2003. â€Å"The Study of Learning: A Thought paper†. Principles of instruction and learning). *Effects of modeling on behavior* According from the notes on Ormond’s Human learning, it discussed that â€Å"modeling teaches new behaviors. It influences the frequency of previously learned behaviors. It may also encourage previously forbidden behaviors. In short, modeling increases the frequency of similar behaviors (See J. E. Ormrod (1999). â€Å"Social Learning Theory† (3rd Ed). Notes on Ormond’s human learning). *Opinion and Recommendation* We have learned that children are just like a â€Å"tabula rasa† or a clean slate which means that their learning is up to the things they have seen around them. They are great imitators and really followed what are the older people doing. As adults, we should be careful with our actions especially if we are surrounded with children. We must be responsible enough with our actions and responses in every circumstance that we face because it will bring great effect and impact to the young ones’ lives. We are shaping their characters and behaviors through the actions they have seen in us. References Avan, B. I. â€Å"The Social Environment during Early Childhood Development in Sindh†. Ormrod, J. E. (1999). â€Å"Social Learning Theory† (3rd Ed). Notes on Ormond’s human E. C. Barrett, November 23, 2003. â€Å"The Study of Learning: A Thought paper†. Principles How to cite Learning in the Social environment, Essay examples

Hacker Site Leaks Australian Buyers Addressâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Hacker Site Leaks Australian Buyers Address? Answer: Introduction The report will discuss in detail about the concept of ethics which is actually a field of study which is specifically based on dividing or making the clear different between the right and wrong. The theories help in analyzing the overall morality of the human behavior, laws, structure and policies. The attempt of the authors here is to clearly justify the judgments on morality discussed in reference with ethical principles of varied theories as well as an attempt to get the moral intention about the feeling of right as well as wrong (Bredillet et al, 2015). The report will discuss in detail about the hacking in information technology in context with the classical theories. Analysis A case discussed about the current time when how people are taking helps from hackers to actually know about the whereabouts of people in order to know their truth. These people justify the work of hacking and how it is helping them. However it is important to understand here that the hacking is a crime and it always impact the system and the society (Wilkins, 2014). The Australian officials have recognized a group of people who are actually taking help from professional hackers to know illegal things. Discussion of four classical ethical theories Utilitarianism The theory of utilitarianism is based on the fact that what needs to be done. It further discusses that all kind best possible actions are the one that has the power to increase the utility. The concept of utility can be defined in so many ways and normally it is in connection with the well being of many entities like human and other living things (Baum, 2016). The founder of this concept is Jeremy Bentham and his definition says that the word utility means the sum of all kind of possible pleasures that are the result from a specific action and minus all kind of suffering for people part of the process. Hacking is one crime which anyways will harm people in the end since it is invading the private space of the people. The groups of hackers who are extending help to people who want it are confirming that people are taking the services for all wrong reasons and even the information hacked for them is not safe also (Jones, 2016). Deontology The theory of deontology is also referred as Kantian ethics and it is described to so many German philosopher named as Immanuel Kant. The theory is basically based on developing an outcome based on enlightenment and rationalism for it. It is also based on the opinion that is only internally a good thing along with a good will. It also depicts action that can only be good if they are large and related to principle associated with it basically a duty towards moral law. Hacking obviously questions the morality. Virtue Virtue is a word that is descries the normative based ethical theories. The main aim of virtues is mind as well as character. The virtue also discuss in detail about the overall nature and description of virtues and other associated issues. For instance, the processes of acquiring it or applying it in many actual life examples or existence of it in universal human attitude are some of the examples of virtue ethics (Dipert, 2016). Contract The observation by many modern theorists of social contract says that many communities form rile for a common or a mutual betterment of people. There can be a college or school in a form of community or there are communities with the school fraternity that have different set of rules as well as standards that people can understand or not. It they cannot understand it actually exists from the part of community and just as people are free to completely decline the citizenship of people and also take up the people in some other country (Dolezel Morrison, 2017). Hacking and crime A big part of security of the computer is related with protecting the computer based resources as well as data which is completely against all the unauthorized or intentional disruptions of issues. Such kind of acts is usually termed as process of hacking. The hacking process can also be defines as the use of skills in computer in order to gain all type of unauthorized access to resources. People like hackers are also very skills users that can use the talent to get access and often form a group or network with varied other hackers to share the data or knowledge (Bredillet et al, 2015). There are number of self recognized hackers as well which are often justified as the hacking based function to argue and the cause can be no real disadvantage and despite make an positive influence. The positive influence is associated with the act of hacking and it is also being argued that it further frees the data to gain advantage and also improves the systems and software exposed to any kind of s ecurity holes. Such kinds of consideration are also an important part a process known as hacker code of ethics which is actually a set of theories that helps in guiding number of activities for number of hackers (McLaughlin Gogan, 2015). Recommendation The process of hacking and cracking that tends to very ungrateful and can be termed as form of crime or rather cybercrime. There are so many types of crimes and not all the compromise or adjustments with computer security (Abu-Shaqra, 2015). It can be saved through following the below discussed guidelines: - Definition of guidelines on varied patch polices. Whenever it is possible, the most immediate security update must be utilized specifically with external systems and this further applies on different application and operating systems. The used of database by web based application must be restrictive by nature and as per HTTP request, for example is limited through Apache. One can also follow a two stage definition with their service based interface for the rise in database of the level of security (Abu-Shaqra, 2015). The guidelines of security are also based on the access to varied web services as well. The access to interface and administration must also be limited in a way that can help in accessing and get it from the complete internet. The process of outsourcing of eh administration is based on interfaces that are also present internally. The process of auditing by different number of specialists (Abu-Shaqra, 2015). There are possible checkup of the web based application with the help of reviewing the code. Conclusion Ethical based analysis is associated with privacy and security challenges in hacking and can help the professional to indentify and also solve many moral confusions and dilemmas. It further yields ethical policies along with guidelines for the sake of usage of IT (Njuguna, 2016). Also, it can also be identified as computer ethics not just for the sake of usage of information systems needed some kind of moral reflection and it is also based on designs since it shows set of moral values and consist of choices based on morality. Reference Abu-Shaqra, B. (2015).Technoethics and Organizing: Exploring Ethical Hacking within a Canadian University(Doctoral dissertation, Universit d'Ottawa/University of Ottawa). Baum, K. (2016, October). What the Hack Is Wrong with Software Doping?. InInternational Symposium on Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods(pp. 633-647). Springer International Publishing. Bredillet, C. N., Tywoniak, S., Dwivedula, R. (2015). Reconnecting theory and practice in pluralistic contexts: issues and Aristotelian considerations.Project Management Journal,46(2), 6-20. Bredillet, C., Tywoniak, S., Dwivedula, R. (2015). What is a good project manager? An Aristotelian perspective.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), 254-266. Dipert, R. R. (2016). Distinctive ethical issues of cyberwarfare.Binary bullets: the ethics of Cyberwarfare, 56. Dolezel, D. M., Morrison, E. E. (2017). Improving the Curriculum with Ethics: Gaps between Perceived Ethical Challenges of Practitioners and Educators.Journal of Curriculum and Teaching,6(1), 45. Jones, S. (2016). Doing the right thing: computer ethics pedagogy revisited.Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society,14(1), 33-48. McLaughlin, M. D., Gogan, J. (2015). Why Cooperate? Ethical Analysis of InfoSec Vulnerability Disclosure. Njuguna, A. G. (2016). Towards the Indirect Agency Theory. Wilkins, L. (2014). My newsroom made me do it: The impact of organizational climate on ethical decision-making.The Ethics of Journalism. Individual, Institutional and Cultural Influence, 33-53.

Introduction To The Global Tourism Hospitality Tourism Essay Example

Introduction To The Global Tourism Hospitality Tourism Essay travel and touristry, housing, assemble and event direction, eating house and managed serviceaˆÂ ¦ Walker 2009. On the whole, these constituents have interrelated nature because they support each other, together purpose at a common mark: best client service. The outstanding features of cordial reception and touristry industry are: long working hours and people have to work in displacements. The most of import characteristic of this sector is that it focuses to a great extent on clients satisfaction but it is besides intangible and perishable aˆÂ ¦ ( Walker, 2009 ) . As a consequence, in order to be successful in this extremely competitory industry, directors should see several factors to guarantee the success for their hotels, such as: clients focus, understanding of the function of the guest contact employees ; weave a service civilization into instruction and preparation system ( Walker, 2009 ) . On the other manus, the badness of the market and the economic system crisis besides encouraged hotel making the confederation and association to be more successful. For illustration, Global Hotel Alliance ( GHA ) is a aggregation of 15 upscale and luxury regional hotel trade names from across the universe. Choose from 300 hotels, castles and resorts in 52 states around the universe, each one reflecting the typical civilization and traditions of their locations ( Walker, 2009 ) . They can derive more net incomes and salvaging by sharing the publicities and doing concatenation services between members. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction To The Global Tourism Hospitality Tourism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction To The Global Tourism Hospitality Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction To The Global Tourism Hospitality Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I think in the normal status, when the societal, economic and political environment is stable, hotels tend to vie with each other to spread out their markets every bit good as to bring forth more gross. However, when the external environment encounters any alterations, such as the recent economic crisis, hotels might desire to collaborate to assist each other overcome problems. . In the hereafter, hotelkeepers have to cover with several unprecedented issues such as short booking window or develop nomadic engagement, which neer happened in the past ( Hotels, 2011 ) . There are more and more new engineerings applied in cordial reception and touristry to increase productiveness and optimise the scheme. The high-tech equipment will besides pull the Y coevals who rely much on those devices daily. Exercise 1 The image Umbrella might typify for the square of level and the velocity of opening umbrella. As shown above, Hospitality Industry is a broad section, which contains many relevant bomber big leagues. It is even said that under the umbrella of travel and touristry, infinite professions are necessary to run into the demands and wants of people off from place ( Walker 2009 ) . All of these big leagues one by one continually provide clients with necessary services when they are off from place. For case, people might necessitate a auto to travel ( Travel and Tourism major s undertaking ) , so they might desire to book a room at 4 leading hotel to kip ( Lodging service ) . After that clients want to see a park ( Recreation service ) and eventually they book a tabular array at their hotel to hold dinner ( Restaurant service ) . I think in the hereafter, with the development of engineering, people will cognize more about their options and they might hold new desire. Thus there will be more professions under the umbrella of cordial reception and touristry and they may attach more closely through electronic devices to each other. Exercise 2 VIETNAM Figure 1.The figure of tourers from 2008 2010 in Vietnam ( Beginning: General statistics Office of Vietnam ) In the graph, the informations of outbound clients in Vietnam was non shown for several grounds. The figure of tourer growing important from 2008 to 2010. There is a little lessening in inbound informations in 2009 around 1.5 1000000s visitants while the figure of domestic quickly raised more than 3 1000000s visitants per twelvemonth. In fact, merely the information on international visitants to Vietnam are published monthly, and informations on domestic and entire gross from touristry is frequently merely reported in the six months of the one-year meeting of the industry. Deputy General Director of the General Statistics Office said Tran Thi Hang, plan studies, national statistics, the new unit every 2-3 old ages she expenditure study of international visitants to Vietnam, domestic tourers foreign and domestic travel one time. ( Chile, 2012 ) . Missing information might forestall the governments from doing policy program every bit good as anticipation about the long term and short-run development of touristry and the development of market. As a consequence, the authorities might non command the domestic touristry and outbound like taxing, foreign exchange, back up the client s right, duties of travel agents, hotels aˆÂ ¦ . Australia Figure 1. The figure of tourers from 2008 2010 in Australia ( Beginnings: Tourism Research Australia, 2012 ; Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2011 ; Overseas Arrivals and Departures, 2012 ) As can be seen, the touristry market of Australia was stable with little lessenings. The entire figure of tourers in 2008 was 81,495,000 visitants while there were 79,793,000 visitants in 2010. Meanwhile, the figure of Vietnam touristry market rose dramatically over a period of 3 old ages. In 2008 and 2009, the touristry sector of Australia was influenced somewhat by the economic system crisis. However, the informations of inbound and domestic clients in Vietnam kept increasing steadily. From my position, during the hard clip of economic system, people want to airt their finishs to developing states to salvage money. Table.1 Compare the Employment in touristry by sectors Vietnam ( 2010 ) Australia ( 2010 ) Direct labor 434, 240 513,900 Adjustment and nutrient services 207,600 232,400 Travel bureau and conveyance 65,800 92,500 Indirect labor 955,350 393,400 Other services 160,840 189,000 Entire 1,389,600 907,300 ( Beginning: General Statistics Office of Vietnam, 2011 and Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2011 ; Tourism Research Australia, 2012 ) As can be seen, the entire figure of people working in Hospitality section in Vietnam is much higher than the figure of Australia ( around 1,4 million and 900 thousand severally ) . However, the figure of direct labor of Vietnam is lower than Australia s ( 434 1000 and 513 1000 ) . On the other manus, Vietnam has more people contribute indirectly to cordial reception industry than Australia has ( about 955 1000 and 393 1000 ) . In my sentiment, Vietnamese labor force is much abundant than that of Australia and this affair might take to both strong points and drawbacks. First of wholly, as for the advantages, cordial reception industry might hold cheap labour cost, which save them a batch of disbursal. However, the labour force in Vietnam is non equal in quality and easy to be replaced. TOPIC 2 CURRENT ISSUES FOR THE TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY A brief history Four Season Hotel From a little hotel opened in Toronto, Canada, Four Season Corporation becomes a great international hotel group, which provides the most epicurean and satisfactory services to clients. In this exercising, I would wish to sketch the development and enlargement of Four Season globally. Canada In 1961 the first Four Seasons hotel opened at Toronto, Canada by Issy Sharp England In 1970, Inn on the Park London ( subsequently renamed Four Seasons Hotel London ) opened. USA In 1976, the Four Seasons officially enter the American market Maui In 1990, Four Seasons launched its first tropical resort, in Maui. Asia In 1992 Four Seasons started their enlargement to Asia with the first hotel opened in Tokyo. In 2002 Four Seasons entered Chinese market with the hotel in Shanghai. In May 2008, Four Seasons marked its entry into the Indian market Middle East In 2000, launched the first hotel in the Middle East ( Four Seasons Cairo ) .There followed a outstanding extension in the part. Four Season Hotel today As shown above, Four Seasons measure by measure expand its operation and influences to the international cordial reception industry. Nowadays, Four Seasons exist in about Continental and one of the most possible markets is Asia since Asiatic market is developing and it is traveling to be the biggest market by 2020 ( Amadeus study November 2012 ) lt ; Hotels 2020: Beyond Segmentation, Report by Amadeus, 2010 gt ; . Evaluation Presently, with 88 hotels and resorts in 35 states, Four Seasons has strong repute, which provides high degree services delivered by good -trained staff. I think that one of the grounds make Four Seasons become typical among rivals is the duty to convey new experience to clients. For illustration, Four Seasons is traveling to present the first Around-The-World by Private Jet circuit trip, a trade name new, alone service to clients ( Four Seasons Corporate Newsletter A September 28, 2012 ) . Four Seasons Hotel group has immense impacts to the planetary concern universe in footings of advanced service and technological advancement. For illustration, Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts has been ranked figure one in Digital IQ Index: Hotels study for the contraption of digital platform ( Four Seasons Corporate Newsletter B September 28, 2012 ) . The chief planetary challenges Speaking of the planetary schemes, I believe that turn outing the memorable experiences for invitees and quality relationships with employees and concern spouses ( Harmonizing to Michael D. Johnson, the Cornell Hospitality Hotel School s dean ) and following its life values are two of the major schemes that Four Seasons apply. The life values include: encouraging sustainability, constructing communities and progressing malignant neoplastic disease research. TOPIC 3 Ownership AND MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES AND THE ACCOMMODATION SECTOR Discussion inquiries The different hotel ownership options Hotel ownership options Advantages Disadvantages Owned by a individual entity or group that has hired a hotel direction company to run the belongings A qualified and experient director operates the belongingss. Hotel proprietors and direction companies might conflict. Lower benefit for proprietors. A hotel concatenation Existing good repute, operation manners, staff preparation. Hotel concatenation has the same standard quality of services and merchandises. Require immense initial resources The different hotel in concatenation might vie with each other. A major alteration in hotel ironss need a batch of money and clip. A franchise The merchandises and services have already been developed and have repute. The franchisee used the logo, motto, selling and fiscal aid of the franchisor to get down the concern, old market, a web of loyal and low-cost supplies. The cost opening a franchise demand a batch of money for trade name, signage, aˆÂ ¦ If your franchise decides to travel through a major alteration. A franchisee may be required to upgrade installations and signage, all at your disbursal. Repute: Name acknowledgment is one of the biggest advantages in buying a franchise. If the trade name s repute suffers for any ground, nevertheless, the franchisees besides suffer from hapless consumer perceptual experience. Limited growing potency: a franchisee can non franchise an operation and must look alternatively to buying extra franchises. City Hotels in Sydney: Shangri-La Hotel, Four Seasons Hotel, Sheraton, InterContinentalaˆÂ ¦ . Resort Hotels in Sydney: Old Sydney Park royal, Parramatta Apartments, Park Lodge Hotel, Renaissance Sydney Hotel, Waldorf Apartment Hotel, Waldorf East Sydney, Woolloomooloo Waters HotelaˆÂ ¦ Pricing differences for adjustment bundles The monetary value for Residential Hotels adjustment bundle includes: + Room service, maid service, wash installations. + Cooking installations, particularly for kids. The monetary value for All Suite Hotels adjustment bundle includes: + Room service, maid service, wash installations. + Separate sleeping room and populating countries and full kitchen + Housekeeping service + Food and drink services are available through room service. The monetary value for Resort Hotels adjustment bundle includes: + Adjustment with full experiments. + Full installations such as massage and salon intervention, swimming pool, aqualung diving, mounting mountainsaˆÂ ¦ + Food and drink service or eating houses with many of picks. City Center Hotels: + Room service, maid service, breakfast. + Food and drink service in eating houses Airport Hotels: + Room service, maid service, breakfast. Motels: + Adjustment with full furniture. Transient Hotels: + Room service, maid service, breakfast. Bed and Breakfast. + Room service, breakfast. The typical invitee mix of two types hotel The metropolis Centre hotels have certain advantages like: + Convenient locations + A assortment of adjustment suites + Food and drink mercantile establishments depending on demand and clients + Facilities like gift stores, swimming pools, watering place and sweat room aˆÂ ¦ + Convention installations such as conference suites, convention equipment The clients of metropolis Centre hotels: + Corporate persons + The senior corporate groups + Leisure clients + Convention and/or association groups + Tour groups + Government and military travelers + Regional pickup or weekend travelers. The metropolis Centre hotels have some advantages like: + Suites with full comfortss + Providing room service, maid service, wash installations + Full equipped with cookery installations and recreational installations for kids Residential hotels guest mix might include: + Long-term stay invitees: military or authorities employees + Leisure travelers or dorsum baggers Compare sail ships and resort hotels There are many similarities of sail ships and resort hotels that make people think sail is drifting resort. Both cruise ships and resort hotels aim at clients who want bask a long period vacation. Their substructures of sail ships and resort hotels are the combination of different edifices and installations inside their countries, such as suites, eating houses, swimming pool, watering place and sauna country, entertains areaaˆÂ ¦ Both sail ships and resort hotels activities rely on clime and season However, there are many differences between these two sorts of hotels and comparison with their outlook to take the most suited 1 for them. First, the experience between sail ships and resort hotels is so different. The sail line drive is a rider ship used for pleasance ocean trips. An advantage to taking a sail line is the alone experience of sailing from island to island ( Banks, n.d ) . The position from a private balcony on a sail ship is adequate to do anyone feel like a universe traveler. Cruise ship spends most of its clip on the ocean, clients can entertain many activities which is provided free installations. It is available both twenty-four hours and dark and is by and large more piquant than the amusement that is offered at an across-the-board resort ( Banks, n.d ) . The clients can kip the dark off while they are going to the following finish, go forthing they refreshed to ship on a new escapade ( Banks, n.d ) . One disadvantage to taking an across-the-board resort is that client will merely see one finish ( Banks, n.d ) . The amusement at an across-the-board resort is besides normally less diverse than a sai l ship ( Banks, n.d ) . However, experience of resort might be the favorable clime and broad scope of recreational activities ( Banks, n.d ) . Resort hotels are frequently located at comfy clime parts such as beaches, hills or mountains ( Banks, n.d ) . Consequently, cruise ships and resort purpose at different groups of clients, who have different demand in footings of, experience, services Case survey: The instance survey presents the scheme of Royal Hotel about a redevelopment plan. This hotel had a loyal patronage and ranked as a top of the line belongings. Hotel do non desire to take the hazard of losing clients to rivals so directors decided to stay unfastened and maintain in operation any suites or parts of the hotel which did non hold to be shut down for building. Those jobs is the cause that the clients complaint about ongoing building in public countries and hallways, along with the attendant dust, confusion, and noise. In this state of affairs, some necessary solutions should be given including: Isolating building countries from the remainder of the edifice by marks, publicizing background in order to divide the working countries of builders from countries for clients. Minimizing the impact of noise, dust, and building stuffs. Increasing organisational activities, events to scatter the attending of clients from the mending countries. Increasing publicity and other benefits for clients who were affected by the renovation. The conditions needed for the solution include the promotional plans and the budget for dialogue with clients in peculiar state of affairss. Besides, the redevelopment plan should be speeded up to cut down noise and affects to clients. TOPIC 4 ROOMS DIVISION AN OVERVIEW FROM A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE Reading This article proposes a resort categorization system which provide definition saying minimal makings for a resort and proposes a categorization system based on scope and range of comfortss ( Brey 2011 ) . However, there are many categorising resorts made by national authoritiess About the definition, Concentrating on resorts as existent estate developments, a definition by Schmitz et Al. ( 2008 ) requires three primary features: inclusion in master-planned existent estate developments, propinquity or easy entree to important comfortss, and lodging ( Brey 2011 ) . In an attempt to standardise a diverse group of resorts, the Organization of American States ( OAS ) placed minimal structural and auxiliary demands to unite single evaluation systems throughout the Caribbean ( Caribbean Innkeeper 2007 ) . While these elucidation activities have successfully served a specific intent, they lack industry-wide application As for categorization, the first class, finish resort, service as the primary motive to see a finish and have characteristically high degrees of service ( Brey 2011 ) . Following, intermediate resort, typically located in a rural location, provides a scope of activities and comfortss that is non every bit comprehensive as what is found at finish resorts. Last, specialized resort, can be found in any location and supply a focussed experience around one signature agreeableness or ground tackle property. We can see the of import function of categorization its helps the directors can command, measure and and do scheme program for their resort. The on-line travel agents bring to the hotel many benefits and drawbacks, they are besides of import distribution channel to do hotel s stock list available to planetary audience. Hospitality suppliers want to utilize engineering to administer their stock list straight, it is impossible to deny the function of on-line travel agent presently. Many hotel engagements are implemented through on-line travel agents and online tools. As for advantages, the relationship between hotels and the on-line travel agents called LOVE . Online mediators have evolved to cover different theoretical accounts, reach different market. Hotels and online travel agent need each other, hotel demand agent to drive demand and agent demand hotels to offer services. Both sides need each other, both hotels and the on-line travel agents develop and trust on each other to develop. However, hotels loss the power to lend by themselves, they must portion more committees to pay for agent so fewer profitableness. That is the ground why hotels HATE the on-line travel agents. The love hatred relationship seems to be most intense between big hotel group and big online travel agents. Since the big hotel create a monopoly amongst on-line agents. In general, on-line travel agents and mediators are now indispensable portion of the industry and as for the hotel, an absolute necessity. Gross direction and gross revenues staff have close relation with each other because they together make determinations sing rate, accept group concern and prognosis. However, they can further better coordination to minimise the misinterpretation and understand exhaustively the other s chief undertakings. We understand in some ways that gross direction squad include gross revenues and gross direction forces. One manner to better group gross direction maps is to spread out the collabouration of gross revenues and gross direction forces, peculiarly in pricing ( Cross, Higbie, and Cross 2009 ) and prediction ( Milla and Shoemaker 2008 ) . Gross direction squad are responsible for: Whether to accept a group offer and prognosis room block use to guarantee that suites will be filled or released for sale to transient invitees. Although holding the frequence of formal meetings, the two respondent groups are still holding certain informal meetings. With respect to formal meetings, the highest mentioned frequences were daily or one or two times per hebdomad. The informal meeting to assist communicating between the gross direction and gross revenues maps better. Case Study: The instance survey describes the new place for Morgan Black in the Coug Inn. The Cougar- Inn is in a distant location near local university, with 150-room full-service belongings with several moderate-sized conference suites. After detecting, Morgan Black found out some jobs of the forepart desk: the check-in procedure which still in the traditional procedure and the hapless communicating between housekeeping and the fount desk. Morgan wants to utilize the machine-controlled belongings direction system, nevertheless the forepart desk director do non believe it is deserving money In my sentiment, Morgan should see a figure of issues like employee wont, the ability to budget for the system and the version of employees to work with systems. The proposed check-in clip of the fount desk Morgan need to find whether the forepart desk clerks truly necessitate more clip to set up check-in. Which the crunch clip which because of the reserve procedure or complex reserve signifier or hapless communicating between the parts such as forepart desk, reserve and housework by the linguistic communication or the procedure? Morgan should show the solutions for the communicating issue between housekeeping and the fount desk. There is the needful aware of communicating between each section. The international linguistic communication must be English for concern and the hotel should hold developing English and automated belongings direction system. The director of housekeeping should hold regulations to promote staff utilizing English in work. On the other manus, utilizing automated belongings direction system will assist to minimise the error in communicating ; the transmitted information will be more accurate. In the easier manner, Morgan should engage new employee who can utilize international concern English in workplace. The concluding determination requires the engagement of the corporate office, the fount desk, reserve and housework. The corporate office will command the budgets, who will make up ones mind where the money comes and which is worth for investing. The fount desk are the staff for a long clip and the corporate office needs to give their thoughts and advice before any methods are implemented. The housework must concern for understanding their function in new belongings direction system. Subject 5 Food and Beverage The two basic types of beer and three Australian common trade names Beer is by and large categorized into types harmonizing to the type of barm used during agitation. Ales are beers that use top-fermenting barm, while laagers are those that use bottom-fermenting barm. The pick of barm provides the beer different features, which can change the expression and gustatory sensation of the brew ( Richard, 2007 ) The two types of beer are besides different in other ways. For case, ales are fermented in a warmer temperature, which is why it takes a shorter sum of clip to ferment. On the other manus, laagers are fermented in moderate temperatures. The warm agitation temperature besides gives ales a nutlike or fruity gustatory sensation. Ale Laager Thousands of old ages old Relatively new Fermented warm Fermented cold Top agitation Bottom agitation Yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae Yeast Saccharomyces Uvarum Quick brew rhythm every bit small as 7 yearss Longer brew rhythm up to several months Normally brewed between 59 77 grades F Normally brewed between 40 and 55 grades F Strong, self-asserting, and more robust in gustatory sensation Smoother, crisper, and more subtle in gustatory sensation and olfactory property Served non excessively cool, normally 50-55 grades F, 10-14 grades C, A sometimes calledA cellar temperature . Served cold, normally 40-45 grades F, 4-7 grades C. Table 5.1 The differences between Ale and Lager ( Beginning: Richard, 2007 What is the difference between an ale and a laager? ) The two major beer manufacturers Carlton A ; United Breweries ( CUB ) is one of the most iconic beer companies in Australia with our history traveling back to 1824 ( CarltonA A ; A United Breweries, n.d, ) In 2011, we demerged from our vino arm and became portion of the SABMiller group, the 2nd largest beer maker in the universe. This has allowed us to return to our heritage and nucleus strength as a beer maker ( CarltonA A ; A United Breweries, n.d, ) CUB intoxicant drink gross revenues squad services over 17,000 clients across the on-premise and off-premise channels and our national brewing, logistics and gross revenues web delivers to over 20,000 clients including hotels, nines, spirits shops, eating houses and bars ( CarltonA A ; A United Breweries, n.d, ) Victoria Bitter ( VB ) has long been Australia s favorite beer, and is specially brewed to present full spirit when ice cold, doing it the ideal beer for the Australian clime ( CarltonA A ; A United Breweries, n.d, ) VB is a full flavoured, full strength beer at 4.9 % ; the soft fruitiness of the olfactory property compliments the sweet maltiness in the oral cavity which in bend balances absolutely with the clean hop resentment of the coating ( CarltonA A ; A United Breweries, n.d, ) ; Crown Lager is Australia s premium laager beer ( CarltonA A ; A United Breweries, n.d, ) It has a creamy fruitiness with a rich, malty mid-palate, balA ­anced with the chip, clean coating of Pride of Ringwood hops ( CarltonA A ; A United Breweries, n.d, ) Brewed from the finest malt and hops, utilizing CUB s original and alone strain of brewing barm, extended storage softens, and rounds out, the spirits produced during agitation, ALC/VOL: 4.9 % ( CarltonA A ; A United Breweries, n.d, ) Carlton Draught is a traditional, neat laager that is crisp on the mid-palate with a good malt character and smooth racy spirit ( CarltonA A ; A United Breweries, n.d, ) Clean hop resentment gives the brew a somewhat dry coating. Synonymous with the beginnings of the brewery itself, Carlton Draught is renowned for savoring every bit fresh as it did the twenty-four hours it was brewed. And it s that sort of consistence in gustatory sensation that s been of import to Australians for coevalss. ALC/VOL: 4.6 % ( CarltonA A ; A United Breweries, n.d, ) Miller Genuine Draft is the original easy imbibing beer cold filtered four times for a chip, smooth and reviewing gustatory sensation. MGD contains no additives or preservatives. ALC/VOL: 4.7 % ( CarltonA A ; A United Breweries, n.d, ) Lion is a drink company that operates in Australia and New Zealand and produces and markets a scope of beer, vino, RTDs and liquors ( Lion, n.d ) Tooheys New is the authoritative, easy-drinking Australian laager brewed with no unreal additives and no preservatives ( Lion, n.d ) . Its lightly hopped, malty character delivers the perfect balance of acrimonious and sweet beer spirits XXXX GOLD is a reviewing mid-strength beer that continues the great tradition of FOUREX brewing heritage, by being brewed with the finest Australian malt, barley and alone aureate bunch hops. XXXX GOLD has a balanced, smooth spirits and organic structure, complimented by mild resentment and a hint of sugariness from the excess malt. ( Lion, n.d ) Hahn premium beer is merely every bit good as its ingredients. That s why our pioneering squad scoured the Earth to piece three particular hops, one of which is grown in Germany on the Hersbruck Hills, North of Munich. It s that involuntariness to settle for anything but the best that makes Hahn Premium. ( Lion, n.d ) James Squire is produced by the Malt Shovel Brewery in Sydney. The beer is named after the inmate beer maker James Squire, who is claimed to hold created Australia s first commercial brewery.The brewery has won assorted awards including: Champion Australasian Brewery, 2000 and 2003 ( Australian International Beer Awards ) , [ 14 ] and Best Bohemian-Style Pilsener, 2008 ( World Beer Cup ) ( Lion, n.d ) The dress shop breweries Boutique breweries: A little brewery, by and large bring forthing fewer than 10,000 barrels of beer and ale a twelvemonth and often selling its merchandises on the premises. Besides called microbrewery. Three Australian dress shop beers include: Carlton and United Breweries owned by Foster s Group Main Beers: VB, Crown Lager, Carlton Draught, Pure Blonde and Reschs Pilsener Tooheys owned by Lion Nathan Main Beers: Tooheys New, Tooheys Old and Tooheys Extra Dry Castlemaine Perkins owned by Lion Nathan Main Beers: XXXX Bitter, XXXX Gold, XXXX Light, XXXX Summer Bright Lager The most popular abroad beers Heineken is a pale laager beer with 5 % intoxicant by volume produced by the Dutch brewing company Heineken International. Olfactory property: A little spot of sweet coarseness and no hop aroma. As the beer warms up there is more of a malt character nowadays. Again, unlike the about undrinkable bottle version, the can has the olfactory property of a nice to manner laager. Appearance: Merely like it should be, a light gold coloring material and crystal clear. Head keeping is white and does non prevail. Spirits: Nice and dry, but chip. There is a definite barm character that seems to work good with the little hop resentment. No hop spirit to talk of. No dactyl, and there is a definite carbonaceous bite from the carbonation. Overall: A really potable beer that benefits from being packaged in a visible radiation and O free can. Modelo Especial: It is an American laager produced by the produced by Grupo Modelo in 1925 Olfactory property: Light struck, of class. Other than the rotter, some bready, thin malt profile. Sweet mildly acrimonious grains, maize. Appearance: Pale yellow. High clarify. Tonss of lifting bubbles. No lacing. Spirit: Better than the olfactory property. Mild malt sugariness, maize and possibly rice. Some acrimonious bite at the terminal Overall Impression: Very easy to imbibe, bland and unsubstantial San Miguel Pale Pilsen: produced by San Miguel Corporation from Philippines

Quetzalcoatl - Pan-Mesoamerican Feathered Serpent God

Quetzalcoatl - Pan-Mesoamerican Feathered Serpent God Quetzalcoatl pronounced Keh-tzal-coh-WAH-tul and roughly translated as the Feathered Serpent, the Plumed Serpent or the Quetzal-Feathered Serpent, is the name of an important Mesoamerican deity who was worshiped throughout the region in one form or another for 1,200 years. Key Takeaways: Quetzalcoatl Quetzalcoatl is the name of a central Mexican deity, closely related to the morning star, Venus.  He appears in Post-classic tales from the Maya, Toltec, and Aztec cultures.As an Aztec deity, he was one of four sons of the creator god Ometeotl, associated with the wind god, and the patron god of arts and knowledge.A persistent myth about the conquistador Hernan Cortà ©s being mistaken for Quetzalcoatl is almost certainly false.   During the Postclassic period (900–1521 CE), several cultures- including the Maya, Toltecs, Aztecs and other polities in Central Mexico- all practiced some version of the cult which had formed around the legends of Quetzalcoatl. However, the majority of information about this god comes from Aztec/Mexica sources, including surviving Aztec codexes, as well as oral history told to the Spanish conquistadors. The Pan-Mesoamerican Quetzalcoatl The pyramid of Quetzalcoatl (god of the feathered serpent) is showing the alternating Tlaloc (left, with goggle eyes, a god of rain, fertility, and water) and feathered serpent (right, with a collar of feathers) heads. stockcam / iStock / Getty Images The earliest example of Quetzalcoatl, or at least a Feathered Serpent god, comes from the Classic period (200–600 CE) city of Teotihuacn, where one of the main temples, the Temple of Quetzalcoatl in the Ciudadela, is decorated with carvings of feathered serpents. Among the Classic Maya, the figure of a feathered serpent is illustrated in many stone monuments and murals and is often related to the worship of royal ancestors. During the Terminal Classic or Epiclassic (650–1000 CE) period, the cult of the Feathered Serpent spread dramatically throughout Mesoamerica, including the central Mexico centers of Xochicalco, Cholula, and Cacaxtla. The most famous example of the Mayan Quetzalcoatl cult is reflected in the architectural aspects of Chichà ©n Itz in the Yucatn Peninsula, where Maya Puuc styles are contrasted with those of the Quetzalcoatl-inspired Toltec. According to local and colonial legends, the Toltec shaman/king Quetzalcoatl (known as Kukulcan in the Maya language) arrived in the Maya region after having been ousted by political rivals, bringing with him not just a new architectural style but a new set of religious and political practices associated with militarism and human sacrifice. The Origins of Aztec Quetzalcoatl Experts on Mesoamerican religion believe that the Aztec (1325–1521 CE) figure of Quetzalcoatl began with the legend of the pan-Mesoamerican god and blended in a historical Tollan leader, Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, who reportedly lived 843–895 CE). This man was a heroic figure, probably a king and/or a priest, who left his home in the Toltec capital of Tula chased out by traitorous priests, but promising to return. The Aztecs considered the Tollan leader the ideal king; more details are found in the legend of the Toltecs. The story undeniably echoes the Mayan story, but whether or not this legend is based on real events is still under debate among scholars. Quetzalcoatl as Aztec Deity Quetzalcoatl, the Toltec and Aztec god; the plumed serpent, god of the wind, learning and the priesthood, master of life, creator and civiliser, patron of every art and inventor of metallurgy, in the Codex Borbonicus. Bridgeman Art Library / Getty Images Quetzalcoatl the deity was one of four sons of the creator god Ometeotl in his male form Ometecuhtli (â€Å"Two-Lord†) and his female form, Omecihuatl (â€Å"Two-Lady†), and brother of Tezcatlipoca, Xipe Totec, and Huitzilopochtli. The Aztecs called their era the time of the 5th Sun- there had been four previous versions of the earth and its people, each ruled by different gods. According to the Aztec Legend of the Suns, Quetzalcoatl ruled over the second Sun of Aztec creation. He was a creator god, associated with the wind god (Ehecatl) and the planet Venus. Quetzalcoatl was also the patron god of arts and knowledge. He was one of the most human-loving of the gods in the Aztec pantheon. He was the god who met with an ant to provide humans with their first maize to plant, and he was responsible for saving all humanity at the beginning of the Fifth Sun. Quetzalcoatl and the Bones of the Ancestors At the end of the fourth sun, so it is told, all humanity was drowned, and after the creation of the fifth sun, Quetzalcoatl descended into the underworld (Mictlan) to negotiate with the god of the underworld (Mictlantecuhtli) the return of humanitys bones so the earth could be repopulated. When Mictlantecuhtli proved unwilling to give them back, Quetzalcoatl stole the bones. In his hasty retreat, he was startled by a quail and tripped and broke them (which is why humans come in a range of different sizes), but managed to carry the bones to the paradise of Tamoanchan, where the goddess Cihuacoatl ground them up and placed them in a jade bowl. Then Quetzalcoatl and other gods performed the first auto-sacrifice  when they shed their blood over the bones and endowed them with life, thus lumbering humanity with a debt that had to be repaid by abundant human sacrifices. The Cortà ©s Myth Quetzalcoatl’s fame is also linked to a persistent story about Hernan Cortà ©s, the Spanish conquistador credited with conquering the Aztec Empire. The story is that the last emperor Motecuhzoma (sometimes spelled Montezuma or Moctezuma) mistook Cortà ©s for the returning god, based on the supposed resemblance between the Spanish conquistador and the god. This story, detailed in Spanish records, is almost certainly false, but how it arose is a fascinating story itself. One possible theory for the origin of this story is that the Spanish misinterpreted the welcoming speech pronounced by the Aztec king. In this speech, if it ever happened, Motecuhzoma used a form of Aztec politeness that was mistaken by the Spanish for a form of submission. Other scholars suggest that the idea that Cortà ©s  and Quetzalcoatl were confused by the Mexica was entirely created by Franciscan friars, and elaborated during the post-Conquest period. Most interestingly, according to Smith (2013), some scholars attribute the origin of the Cortà ©s  myth to the Nahua nobility themselves, who invented it and told it to the Spanish to explain why Motecuhzoma hesitated to attack the conquering forces. It was the nobility who created the prophecy, a series of omens and signs, and claimed that Motecuhzoma truly believed Cortes to have been Quetzalcoatl. Quetzalcoatl’s Images The figure of Quetzalcoatl is represented in many different ways according to different epochs and Mesoamerican cultures. He is both represented in his non-human form as a feathered serpent with plumage along its body and around the head, as well as in his human form, especially among the Aztecs and in Colonial codices. In his human aspect, he is often depicted in dark colors with a red beak, symbolizing Ehecatl, the wind god; and wearing a cut shell as a pendant, symbolizing Venus. In many images, he is depicted wearing a plumed headdress and carrying a plumed shield. Quetzalcoatl Cult Centers Numerous circular temples (at Texcoco, Calixtlahuaca, Tlatelolco, and in the Pino Suarez metro station in Mexico City) are dedicated to Quetzalcoatl in the guise of Ecahtl, constructed without corners so the wind could easily blow around them. Extant temples dedicated to the cult of Quetzalcoatl have been identified at many Mesoamerican sites, such as Xochicalco, Teotihuacan, Cholula, Cempoala, Tula, Mayapan, and Chichen Itza. Edited and updated by K. Kris Hirst. Sources Berdan, Frances F. Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Print.Carrasco, David, Lindsay Jones, and Scott Sessions, eds. Mesoamericas Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2002. Print.Milbrath, Susan. Maya Astronomical Observations and the Agricultural Cycle in the Postclassic Madrid Codex. Ancient Mesoamerica 28.2 (2017): 489–505. Print.Miller, Mary E., and Karl Taube, eds. The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion. London: Thames and Hudson, 1993. Print.Mysyk, Darlene Avis. Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca in Cuauhquechollan (Valley of Atlixco, Mexico). Estudios ee Cultura Nhuatl 43 (2012): 115–38. Print.Smith, Michael E. The Aztecs. 3rd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. Print.

Breadtalk International Marketing Plan Strategy Free Sample

Breadtalk pany Limited is a Singaporean bakery, founded in 2000. The enterprise runs a chain of 38 retail outlets through Breadtalk Pre Limited (BreadTalk Group Limited, 2014: 1-17). These stores sell snacks such as buns, pastries, cakes, and bread. Breadtalk is a focused pany; a clear mission statement guides its operations. It also enjoys services from highly trained and qualified managers and mitted stakeholders. In honor-ship of bread making activities, Breadtalk pany is on a mission to lead a new lifestyle that prises of innovative changes and creativity in differentiations (BreadTalk Group Limited, 2016; 1-13). Therefore, it aims at crafting products with vibrancy and passion. As the pany strives to gain petitive advantages to withstand market conditions, Breadtalk has set long-term goals. First, the pany is enhancing its presence across the globe, in particular on the Asian Market, premium, and target halal (rephrase). Other objectives are the realization of the present product level by 15% alongside ing back within a time span of less than a year. By the end of the next biennium, it is targeting at cultivating two green market advantages. Through its operations, BreadTalk aims to sell its products mainly, in the Asian market, premium and halal. The pany is also targeting individuals with experience food; such as customizers and food trend followers Currently, the food market has b e more petitive due to the entry of new with similar products. BreadTalk is pleted by Bengawal solo, Four leaves, Swee Heng and Baker Talent. To ove e these rival panies, it is creating a young, fashion and good image to consumers with distinct tastes. Having gained popularity over the past years, BreadTalk is spearheading by consistency provision of stylish and fresh snack culture. Apparently, this strategy is attracting more consumers. BreadTalk market segmentation prises of up-scale suburb customers. The pany is also targeting working professionals and young generations. Another targeted group is high-market-i e households. Enhancing accessibility of the market, BreadTalk is focusing on consumers who have bread as their favorite and hence, consider the importance of fresh and healthy food (Research and M 0005, 2016). Fortunately, such consumers are willing to try new products. They are also loyal to the pany and make huge purchases. Breadtalk market is segmented into the following; behavioral, demographic, psychographic, and geographical differences. Currently, the Asian market demand is based on quality and product freshness. In, response, the BreadTalk has e up with effective marketing behavioral act such as offering different cakes and bread. The quality of these products is highly supervised by the enterprise before delivery. Another marketing behavioral practice done by the pany is stimulation of customers’ senses. In so doing, all the products supplied are not only of value but also available in attractive packages. BreadTalk is expanding its franchise network rapidly. While serving the entire Asian population, the pany has forged the partnership in Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, Bahrain and Hong Kong. The demography is also intended to cover Sri Lanka, Qatar, Lebanon and Myanmar. In response to various locations, BreadTalk adjusts their product in line with culture. To this respect, the pany provides a mixture of Asian and Western tastes resulting in approximately 150 different products. As BreadTalk is controlling these variables to satisfy the desire of customers in various locations. It also aims at gaining more consumers hence, realizing the firm’s objectives (Peter and Donnelly, 2003). BreadTalk pany supplies outstanding products across the Asian market, making it a lifestyle brand.   Not mentioning attractive packaging, the products are of high quality. Furthermore, they are fresh. This market segmentation strategy maintains focus to abstract the entire Asian Market in its line of business. Significantly, the pany is soldiering on to strengthen its appearance across the world. This global expansion span is aimed at creating over 500 more outlets (Jitpleecheep, 2012). Also, the pany is focused on launching two new brands; The Icing Room and Bread Society.   On the same note, the organization is offering series of launch specials both on BreadTalk App and stores. Strategically, the pany is also health oriented; iPad and iPhone apps have been formed to enable go-consumers to buy coupons on-the-go. They can also redeem them in exchange for products. BreadTalk Group Limited. (2016), ‘Breadtalk Group Limited Marketline pany Profile’, pp. 1-13. BreadTalk Group Limited. (2014), ‘Breadtalk Group Limited Marketline pany Profile’, pp. 1-17. Jitpleecheep, P. (2012), ‘BreadTalk to double Thai presence’, Bangkok Post (Thailand) (16 May 2016) accessed 24 September 2016. Peter, J. P., and Donnelly, J. H. (2003). A preface to marketing management. Boston, McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Research and M 0005. (2016), ‘Global Fresh Baked Products Market 2016-2020 With Breadtalk, Dunkin Donuts, Einstein Bros. Bagels, Greggs, Panera Bread & Tim Hortons Dominating - Research and Markets. Business Wire (English), December, Regional Business News. With a decade's experience in providing essay help,

Apollo 13 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Apollo 13 - Essay Example It is the highest level of managerial activity and is usually directed by the company's Chief Executive Officer and executive team, and provides overall direction to the whole enterprise. Project management is the actual discipline of defining and achieving targets "while optimizing the use of resources (time, money, people, materials, energy, space, etc) over the course of a project (a set of activities of finite duration)". (Wikipedia, 2006). Project management is often times the province and responsibility of an individual person titled the project manager, and this individual seldom actually participates in the actions that produce the end result, but instead maintains the progress and productive mutual interaction and intervention of various parties in that the overall risk of failure is reduced. Apollo 13 is a movie which is highly influential in regards to promoting modern project and program management practices. This film is commonly used as an example for these theories and those of the like. This is primarily due to the fact that the objectives were made clear: classic project ones: in the words of President Kennedy: "to achieve the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to earth." (Morris, 1997). A strategy involving the matter of actually getting the moon and back had to be developed, which itself entirely revolved around motivational and management theories. Tasks had to be completed, such as: the engineering of the rockets, landing modules and support infrastructure had to be developed, and astronaut biobehavior in space understood and designed to; and all within highly determined schedule and cost restraints. (Morris, 1997). "The resulting project management approach was hailed at the new management paradigm: the answer to how to tackle many of mankind's problems. (Morris, 1997). Apollo 13 is a prime example of project management; it was not a project in itself, but it is the act of going from concept to definition, development, build, and hand-over. Management is an activity. It is the activity of planning, organizing, directing and controlling (Fayol et al, 1949). Most definitions of project management would agree that, at a minimum, there is (a) integration of the work of others needed to ensure project success - the "single point of integrative responsibility" (Archibald, 1997) - (b) the application of certain project management practices. It is the extent of application of these practices, and the hitherto

Multi Marriage Issue in Islam 'polygamy' Research Paper

Multi Marriage Issue in Islam 'polygamy' - Research Paper Example Polygamy is simply a legal and religious permission in Islam for men to marry four women at a time. Although this command is more like an option, but not an obligation to all Muslims. In Islam and other religions, polygamy has been established and valued as an important institution (Philips and Jones). Even, before the advent of Islam in the Arab countries, the concept of polygamy used to exist, but it was in its worst form particularly because of illiteracy, absence of social or civic sense, and status of women in the society. When Islam came to light in the Arab countries, a number of issues were resolved; one of the most important one was the status of women in the society and matters of multi-marriages. Islam has redeveloped the institution of marriage as it has allowed men to marry four women for the purpose of helping needy women (Philips and Jones). It has furthermore ordained men to give equal rights to women in every regard. This paper aims to discuss a crucial matter of pol ygamy within the context of Islamic way of lifestyle elaboration and guidelines of Prophet Mohammad PBUH, the messenger of God. Additionally, we shall also spotlight the status of women before and after Islam, their rights, and orders sent by God in Quranic verses regarding welfare of widows, needy and divorced women. The role of Muslim men is to protect the rights of women by following obligations of God. Polygamy Before and After: A Historical Reference The status of women before and after Islam is entirely different, and it also varies in several Muslim states. Differentiation in the status of women in Islam interprets laws and religious teachings of Islam in different manners. Historic data about Islamic teachings and status of women in the Arab countries reveals that before the advent of Islam women were highly devalued in societies. Attitude of men towards women was extremely negative as women had no dignity, position or honor in the society. Prior to Islam, the status of wome n was sighted as nothing, but a household good. Women, before the advent of Islam were treated as animal and bought and sold like any other non-living item (Khan). On the contrary, it can be said that some women who belonged to the noble tribes and valuable families of Arab had respect and dignity in the society up to some extent, unlike ordinary women. For instance, Khadija bint Khuwaylid, who was the daughter of Khuwaylid ibn Asad belonged to the famous and most powerful tribe of Banu Quraish. Khadija had gained respect in the society mainly because of her strong family background as her father was a successful businessman and powerful merchant of that time and Khadija inherited all wealth and dignity from her father (Haylamaz). But, such respect and value in the society was limited to only few women of strong and powerful tribes, who used to have control over different localities in the Arab land. Whereas, overall criterion was that women was considered as a hateful object, birth of a girl in any family was considered as a curse and people used to bury their daughters alive after birth. On such cruelty, God criticized and stated in Quran, "When news is brought to one of them, of the birth of a female child, his face darkens, and he is filled with inward grief! With the shame does he hide himself from his people because of the bad news he has had! Shall he retain her on (sufferance) and contempt, or bury her in the dust? Ah! What an evil choice they decide on?"

Creating Safe Environments Essay Example for Free

Creating Safe Environments Essay Collaboration with parents is one of the most challenging and critical issues that cause misunderstandings within the classroom and throughout the school building. It is a non-negotiable expectation among parents and teachers that include building a network between and among parents and teachers. It involves a sense of mutual respect as well as an understanding of different viewpoints. Teachers should be mindful that building relationships early in the school year will result in a positive classroom environment in which students have a secure place to learn. Parents and teachers should share expertise regarding the student in which information about learning styles are presented in a non-threatening manner. Teachers should be able to use limited amounts of teacher language so parents are able to understand expectations within the classroom as well as establish guidelines for following up on strategies at home. As a parent, I would appreciate a relationship with the person who spends most of the day with my child. I would gain insight into the way my child thinks in various situations to create a deeper understanding of relationships in the real world. The need for character education for parents lies in the fact that children should be shown examples of good character both at home and at school. â€Å"School has to build the work that the family does† (Lickona, 2009). Parents should unequivocally be involved and taught character education strategies. Much of what we see as teachers is a reflection of a poor home environment as parents who live complicated lives. Many are single parents and lack the time or resources to handle the complex problems of children today. They want nothing more than for their children to be successful, but as educators, it is our responsibility to provide resources for parents such as strategies and techniques, parenting courses with childcare and methods which foster values that all people should acquire in society. In this ever changing world, I, as a parent would welcome some insight to how my children are becoming part of the world they live in. This collaboration in character education should be purposeful as is our teaching. The purpose of character education should change the way the classroom works and feels, not just the way each member acts (Lichona, 1991).

Security :: essays research papers

Security Security is essential to maintain a functioning network and productive employees. These security recommendations should be implemented to ensure a safe and secure operating network where there are minimal fears from outside influences such as viruses, spam and hacking activities. An electronic workplace policy will be implemented to protect the network from within. All employees are required to follow the electronic workplace policy which states that they are not to install any unauthorized software or hardware on company equipment. Violations of the electronic workplace policy will be grounds for disciplinary action leading to termination of employment. This is a necessary tactic used to ensure business equipment is used for business and not for personal pleasure or personal business. To protect this size of a network from viruses and worms, there will be an email and file extension filtering program that scans through the Los Angeles central location. The product we recommend is created by Symantec. It is the corporate edition product which allows the freedom from user input. The closed loop automation process allows the detection of new and existing viruses and worms, and the removal of these viruses and worms. The definition file will be updated on a daily basis and will happen at an optimum time where the network usage is at its daily low. There is also an automatic quarantine for files which have become infected and a secure transmission back to Symantec for analysis. This virus protection software will be implemented through a silent install to all users across the network. As for spam attacks, we recommend F-Prot solution for this major problem. F-Prot provides full email scanning and up to date definition files for known spammers. This type of software will eliminate the unwanted emails for all of the networks users. The product will automatically update spam/virus signatures and quarantine these problems. There is also a need for protection from hackers. There is state of the art software program and tools to prevent malicious attacks on your network. We recommend the solution from NFR Security. The Sentivist solution protects against Denial of Service (DoS), Intrusions, Malicious Code, Command Tampering, Backdoor and Buffer Overflow attacks. There is a real threat to a network everyday and this program will protect your multi city network. We will protect the network both LAN and WAN by installing a firewall and web monitoring software called Websense.

Managing across border

How does culture affect the process of attribution in communication? Can you relate this to some experiences you have had with your classmates? When the message reaches the receiver, it undergoes a transformation which is influenced by the receiver's culture. What is stereotyping? Give some examples. How might people stereotype you? Stereotyping happen when a person assumes that every member of a society or subculture has the common characteristics. Take I-JK is an example. Vietnamese often do nails Chinese often open restaurant Indian often are doctor Asian often know martial art What is the relationship between language and culture?How is it that people from different countries who speak the same language may still miscommunicate? Language conveys culture, technologies and priorities. Language is inseparable from culture; language cannot be interpreted without an understanding of culture. Within a given language group are many sub-cultures that have their own interpretations of cer tain words or phrases, or who may have their own idioms or regional expressions Give some examples of cultural differences in the interpretation of body language. What is the role of such nonverbal communication in business relationships?Americans look straight at you when communicating, whereas the British keep your attention by looking away. Arabs prefer to touch and stand very close when communicating. Koreans speak more loudly to emphasize a point; Americans speak loudly when they are angry. Improper non-verbal communication can add a significant level of noise to the communication process. The listener may attribute meaning to the noise that might damage the business relationship. Explain the difference between monochronic and polychromic time systems. Use some examples to illustrate the differences and the role of time in intercultural communication.Monochronic time systems have a linear system of time with a past, present and future. People in monochronic systems generally co ncentrate on one thing at a time. Polychronic time systems are a non-linear system of time where people tolerate the simultaneous occurrence of many events. Explain the differences between high- and low-context cultures, giving some examples. What are the differential effects on the communication process? In high- context cultures, the context in which the communication takes place is vital to the communication of the message†the message is implicit.In low-context cultures, the ontext in which the communication takes place is secondary to the communication† the message is explicit. Discuss the role of information systems in a company, how and why they vary from country to country, and the effects of these variations. Communication in organizations varies according to where and now intormation originates and the channels and speed at which information flows internally and externally. One example of how cultures vary is on the importance of the source of information. Some cultures prefer important information to originate only from the top of the hierarchy.

My Memorable Experience Paragraph

My Memorable Experience Draft: A memorable moment that I experienced was when I received my first black eye. At that time I was at the age of eleven. This experience occurred one day after school and my siblings and I were on our way home from school. I don’t remember much of what had happened that day because of an incident, but I remember bits and pieces of it. Every teenager loved their Fridays and this day is one that I’ll always remember. One beautiful Fall afternoon my two other siblings and I had arrived at our bus stop.I was sitting in a seat with a friend from school and my brother and sister were sitting next to ours. We all stood from our seats and casually walked off from the bus. I noticed my brother and sister ran in front of the bus and was ahead of me by a few steps. So I had to quickly wave to one of my friends on the bus and hurry back towards them. I scurried towards my siblings not even aware of where I was looking and as the bus started to drive off , I decided to turn around and to watch the bus drive off.I quickly turned around for my house and as I simultaneously raised my head to look in which direction I was heading and I happened to run into stop sign pole. I immediately began crying and quickly covered my left eye because of the blood was dripping down from my eyebrow to my face. My sister heard and seen me crying and was also stunned on what to do so she looked at my brother to come help. As he approached me, he took off his jacket and told me to use his jacket to cover my eye. My siblings were guiding me home. I noticed my eye stopped bleeding, so I used my brother’s jacket to wipe the blood on my forehead.

Your Quick Guide to Complement vs. Compliment

Your Quick Guide to Complement vs. Compliment Do you compliment your friend on her beautiful jacket? Or do you complement her?Complement and compliment are two words in the English language that are often confused yet carry two distinctly different meanings. The difference in spelling between the two is only a matter of one letter, so that makes it even more difficult to know which is which.However, there are a few tricks to help distinguish between which of the two is correct to use in a certain context. Lets review their meanings now and help clear up the confusion for you.ComplementThe easiest trick to remember the meaning of complement is to think of a very similar word, complete. Merriam-Webster defines complement as something that fills up, completes, or makes better or perfect.In grammar, a complement is a word, phrase or clause that is required to complete the meaning of a given expression. For example, consider the following sentence: That house is old. If we look at the grammatical construction of the sentence, wed see that house is the subject and old is the subject complement. Basically, old is the word that completes the idea and meaning of the sentence.Here are some other examples of the word complement (in its various forms) used correctly in context:That shirt complements the color of your eyes.The couple dressed in matching, complementary colors.The new tagline complements the headline perfectly.ComplimentNow, lets look at the alternative: compliment. Merriam-Webster defines compliment as an expression of esteem, respect, affection, or admiration; an admiring remark : formal and respectful recognition : honorIts important to realize that compliment can be used as a noun or a verb, but retains essentially the same meaning in both contexts. Complimenting (verb) someone on their outfit is the same idea as giving someone a compliment (noun) for their clothing choice.Here are a few additional examples of compliment used in context:I always blush when someone compliments me.He was a very nice pe rson and gave many compliments to those around him.Thanks for the compliment, it gave me confidence.And since complimenting someone is a wonderful act of kindness, just for fun, here is a list of 100 compliments that will make someone smile today.

2012 Budget Proposal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

2012 Budget Proposal - Research Paper Example Such cut-and-invest agenda would create winners and big losers because the President’s budget proposal presumes using the money from some domestic programs to reduce the deficits and increase spending for education, clean energy, infrastructure, innovation and research in order to promote long-term economic growth and global competitiveness of the United States. Definitely, there are certain differences between the Presidents FY 2012 budget proposal and The House of Representatives FY 2012 budget proposal, which will be discussed further in the current paper. President Obama emphasized that the administration needs to construct a new foundation for long-term economic growth with pillars necessary to win in the world economy. Such pillars include an educated and skilled workforce, cutting-edge research into the innovations to power the industries of tomorrow, a modern infrastructure to support a growing, high-tech economy, and the jobs to support a growing middle class. As a re sult, Americans now face a monumental choice about the future of their country. The Republican response toward the President’s call for economic changes came in April, when Representative Paul D. Ryan of Wisconsin announced 2012 budget of his party. The main three purposes of The House of Representatives FY 2012 budget proposal is to (a) lift the crushing burden of debt; (b) guarantee health and retirement security for all Americans, especially seniors; and (c) strengthen the base of economic growth and creation of the jobs (Becker, 2011). Paul Ryan informed that the plan would reduce the deficit by $5.8 trillion over the next decade. It can be accomplished due to deep cuts in discretionary spending programs and turning Medicare into a "defined benefit, under which seniors would get vouchers to purchase private insurance. Medicaid would get smaller as the federal contribution to state

Theater Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theater Art - Essay Example This is a film that is very much about faith, in particular Larry's faith. He is beset by a series of very difficult and painful personal problems. His wife has left him, his children have problems, at work there are a number of issues. Everything he does goes wrong. He is very much like the character of Job from the Old Testament. He seems to be being made to suffer for the amusement of some supernatural force. Climbing to the roof of his home (albeit for another purpose), he is getting closer to heaven and the gods which control his fate. He is also taking the opportunity to survey his situation and his place in the world from on high. The camera angle is below Larry in this shot. His back is to the camera and he looks awkward and ungainly; indeed, his shirt is tucked in and he is wearing nice shoes, not the kind of outfit one wears to climb on the roof. The sky is a bright, clear blue, but much else in the shot is sterile. The only other object, besides the shingles on the roof, i s the antenna, to Larry's left. Larry is in the centre of the frame and all the lines of the roof lead up to him. He is clearly the heart and soul of this picture. Climbing onto the roof is an important chance for Larry to survey his life. After this frame he looks out on the streets and his neighbours.

Benefits of the CalTex plant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Benefits of the CalTex plant - Essay Example The utilitarian benefits are many for both CalTex and the people of South Africa. Many needed jobs would have been created for workers in South Africa. Native South African would have taken many of these jobs. A job at a CalTex plant might be their best means for improving their own economic situation. CalTex had a history of paying better than average wages and they were also known for promoting employees from within. I know that if I were a black South African, I would have been very upset about the unfair political situation in my own country. But I also know that I would love to have the sort of economic opportunity that would be provided to me by working for a good paying corporation like CalTex. I think I would understand that CalTex was not the reason behind the current political system. I do not believe I would even feel that their presence aided the current political system or helped to keep it in power. The utilitarian benefits I would see as a native South African would be great. I would have a dependable job, food on the table and a possibility for working my way up in a company. I would be living in an unjust society, but I would not blame CalTex for doing business in my country. It is true that the white controlled government would get a more stable supply of petroleum products if the CalTex expansion occurred, but that same expansion meant that all South Africans would have access to more abundant, cheaper petroleum products. The reality of the situation is, South Africa had enough of their own engineers to make their own petroleum refineries. If CalTex completely divested, the only loser would be the corporation. If I were a stockholder, voting on the first two resolutions would have been very easy decisions. I would not have voted to cease operations in South Africa. This would have resulted in a huge drop in the price of my stock. It would have been like taking money out of my pocket and throwing it away for no good reason. There is no way tha t ceasing operations in south Africa would have helped bring the government down or change the rights of the people there. I would have voted a strong no on the first resolution. The second resolution would have received a no vote from me as well. This is quite a ridiculous proposition when you think about it. The proposition required CalTex to withhold sales to the South African government and military. My reason for not voting for this crazy proposition is it creates a litmus test for buying CalTex oil. It basically says that if you are not conducting yourself in a moral manner then we will not sell oil products to you. The problem is simply this, who gets to decide how bad is too bad? A corporation needs to not split hairs determining if a customer is moral enough to buy their product. The American government has been beset by scandals and there is plenty of history of racism and repression. Does this mean CalTex will no longer sell to America? What about the Chinese? The Italian s? All nations have blemishes and inherent injustices built into their systems. It is not the job of a corporation to try to sort all of them out morally. If they have cash, then you sell. The third proposition would have gotten a yes vote from me. Looking at the Tutu principles, I think is would be in the best interest of the company to abide by them. Caring for the family unit and supporting it would have

Business Plan for AAA International Travel Services Ltd Essay

Business Plan for AAA International Travel Services Ltd - Essay Example The products and services that the business is going to launch differ from that of their competitors. All other travel firms offer different services to customers based on available budget and resources. AAA travel services will provide services based on customers’ preferences. Although all packages have been designed already in accordance with the schedules and available resources, but the firm can bring little changes in the packages in accordance with the needs and demands of the customers. For example, if a customer asks for a ten days trip to some Eastern country and the firm offers an eight days package, then the company will change the schedule and package accordingly but the customer will have to pay some extra amount to the firm because of modifications. The firm will also provide best available accommodation to its customers. â€Å"Comfortable hotels and accommodation facilities play a very important role in popularizing any tourist destination† (Ahliya 2008, p. 1).ii. Target MarketTarget market is the group of people that a company wants to target for the sale of products and services. For AAA Travel Services company, the target market for the firm will cover a large number of local and international customers. The company is located in an area where travel companies are also operating there business activities, so there is also a tough competition in place. Many external and internal factors can affect product innovations, business process innovations or their combination.... The international department will play the lead role. It will include branch office, ticketing services, business office, and direct sales stores. Following is the business structure of the firm: b) The Product Following are the products and services that the firm will provide to its customers: i. Gaps in Market The products and services that the business is going to launch differ from that of their competitors. All other travel firms offer different services to customers based on available budget and resources. AAA travel services will provide services based on customers’ preferences. Although all packages have been designed already in accordance with the schedules and available resources, but the firm can bring little changes in the packages in accordance with the needs and demands of the customers. For example, if a customer asks for a ten days trip to some Eastern country and the firm offers an eight days package, then the company will change the schedule and package accor dingly but the customer will have to pay some extra amount to the firm because of modifications. The firm will also provide best available accommodation to its customers. â€Å"Comfortable hotels and accommodation facilities play a very important role in popularizing any tourist destination† (Ahliya 2008, p. 1). ii. Target Market Target market is the group of people that a company wants to target for the sale of products and services (Tatum n.d.). For AAA Travel Services company, the target market for the firm will cover a large number of local and international customers. The company is located in an area where travel companies are also operating there business activities, so there is also a tough competition in place. However, the range of the

Comparison of French and German Cinema, 1930-1945

Comparison of French and German Cinema, 1930-1945 Introduction The dissertation aims to analyse the effects of totalitarian politics on the cinematic tradition of two of Europes most cultured nations, Germany and France. The study of cinema during the time period, 19301945 is a highly relevant discussion; one which is infrequently dissected by serious academic debate largely due to the lack of literature on the subject in comparison to studies pertaining to the effects of fascism upon other implements of the state, in particular religion and the military. Perhaps film students of the West still find it difficult to comprehend the fact that the Nazis were such a long way in front of their competitors when it came to the influence of National Socialist propaganda on the German people. As early as 1928 Hitler had come to understand the fundamental power of utilising modern forms of propaganda in paving the way for tyrannical rule, as he outlines in a speech dated 28 November (1999:151). The more one addresses only one social class, the easier it becomes to make promises. One knows from the beginning what each class wants If you are always only addressing yourself to one category, then political propaganda becomes infinitely easy. Certainly, in tandem with pervasive fascist symbolism and the dissolution of democratic political debate, the saturation of all forms of contemporary media was the key factor in Hitlers total seduction of the German nation. As such, the topic is relevant for the twenty first century where dictators still maintain power over illeducated people whose information is pumped into them via state propaganda machines that feed off insecurity, prejudice and paranoia, as modernday Zimbabwe currently illustrates. The study will be split into chapters as cited on the title page with the aim of creating an advanced understanding of how the Nazis used cinema as a tool of tricking the German people into believing concepts such as Lebensraum and the Jewish Question were issues of national urgency. The study will likewise examine the role of the Vichy collaborators in the seduction of French people, citing the essential similarities and differences of the two in terms of filmic content and production techniques. Clearly, as the instigator of right wing cinema as a political tool of mass hysteria, the German model will be first to be discussed, though the point should be made straight away that the Vichy Regime was not merely coerced into collaboration: there was active and passionate interest in France in fascist ideology with plenty of Vichy statesmen wishing to follow the path set about by the Hitler State. At no point should it be believed that Vichy cinema was a symptom of the occupation; it wa s, and remains, a marker for French sociopolitical beliefs at the time. Famous and infamous films such as Jean Renoirs La Grande Illusion, Bertolt Brechts Kuhle Wampe and Marcel Carnes Les Enfants du Paradis will be featured within the dissertation, citing specific examples from the movies to highlight how dissenters managed to voice their disapproval in highly subtle fashions that were unique to the extreme fear experienced in fascist Europe at the time. Comparisons between movie production under the influence of occupation, dictatorship, peacetime and war will provide fuel for the debate within. A conclusion will be sought as to the overall features that appear uniform within right wing film making, in addition to citing the subtle differences in the experience of movie production under the spectre of totalitarianism, as witnessed in Germany and France between 1930 and 1945. Chapter One: The effect of fascism on German Culture, 19301945 The short lived Weimar Republic is a source of great fascination for students not only of history but also of art, culture and society. Its relevance is in its oddity: the strange timeframe it fits into either side of Kaiser Wilhelm II and the Nazi State, two of the most suffocating and frustrating regimes in European history in terms of creative and artistic achievement. The Weimar Republic was responsible for a brief burgeoning of liberal German film making, art, sculpture, music, theatre and culture that was the envy of the western world at the time. Perversely, the strict socioeconomic conditions of the day appeared to ensure that the Republic would be as frivolous as it was unfortunate; as daring as it was politically unstable. Yet, as Elssaesser (2000:151) suggests, Weimar cinema may also have made it easier for Hitler to cast his cinematic spell on the German people. What has become abundantly clear is that the cinema permeated Weimar society as a very contradictory cultural force, at once part of oppositional Modernist avantgardes and in the forefront of capitalisms own modernising tendencies (as technology, industry and fashion) and for this very reason, invested with the hopes of revolutionary changes while susceptible to being used as the instrument for their containment (in the form of specular seduction, nostalgia, propaganda.) Diversity was the key to Weimar Cinema; it was an expression of multicultural Europe that was unfortunately located in the wrong place and time. With the Prussian aristocracy, disillusioned exmilitary personnel and marginalised masses of unemployed, the Weimar Republic was insufficiently prepared to withstand a structured coup from within when it inevitably came. Furthermore, the liberalism of the Republic gave added ammunition to the nascent Nazi State, giving Hitler and his propaganda minister, Josef Goebbels a readymade scapegoat for the deplorable state of German infrastructure during the early part of the 1930s. Indeed, it was Goebbels (1993:159) who highlighted the condition of the German nation before the National Socialists came to power in 1933 the state of the nation according to fascist eyes. Had it not been for the National Revolution, Germany would have been completely swissified, a nation of hotel porters and waiters, a nation having no political sense whatsoever that had lost any idea of its own historical significance. The effect of a onedimensional, intensely political approach to cultural affairs meant a surgical shift in the prism through which German society charted its progress between 1918 and 1933, and 1933 to 1945. Most art and film historians see the change that occurred in German culture after 1933, with the infamous burning of the books (May 1933) and mass emigration of a wealth of indigenous creative talent, as symptomatic of authoritarianism throughout the world. Bland, repetitive instances of film making and culture took the place of innovation and the first seedlings of avantgarde technique. Aesthetics and the human form took on added significance. Heavy handed plot lines guided the viewer of both art and cinema along a straightforward journey to the ideological heart of work without trusting the audience with the even the slightest semblance of individual reasoning. These are the popular images of authoritarian art forms promulgated after the defeat of fascism in Europe. Yet it would be incorrect to assume that German film making after 1933 was merely an exercise in retrospective propaganda studies; as shall be discussed in following chapters, Goebbels was fond of puncturing all genres of movies with National Socialist ideals with the result that a kaleidoscope of imagery is available to the twenty first century film student, each portraying a different vision of the fascist dream. It should come as little surprise to students of history to see a broad similarity between movies made in Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia: both countries relied upon eradicating the opposition and portraying the leader in an invincible light. Censorship at home and at the national borders also meant that fewer foreign films were being shown; those very few that made it past the German borders having to be screened first by the Nazis in order to gain an audience inside of Germany. Furthermore, the considerable risk that a film maker ran of being arrested, taken to concentration camp or even killed because of making a statement that the Nazi hierarchy did not favour was too great for all but the most ideologically driven of artists to bear. The result was an exodus of talent from Germany and a narrowing of vision to the extent that diversity, as a description of German cinema, became a complete misnomer. Art and cinema in the Third Reich were thus reduced to an entity in support of the regime; the hand over of the baton of creativity to autocracy was assisted by the state overhaul of existing cultural ministries. As part of the broader policy of Gleischaltung (coordination) the Reich Chamber of Culture (established in November 1933) oversaw this new breed of politicised movie making and art that presented a ludicrously perfect form of the Aryan man, engaged in the typical German pursuits of sport, work and family, as Seligmann et al (2003:50) detail. Images depicted Germans not just as modern day heroes but also as the heirs to Europes greatest cultural and imperial tradition, that of Alexander the Great and Caesar. As Aryans and National Socialists were elevated to the status of hero, so the Nazis used cinema and indeed every tool of popular culture at its disposal to reenforce the slide of the enemy into the sociological abyss. Over a short period of time, the Jews took over from the Weimar Republic and the Communists as the central target of Nazi abuse as one by one the political enemies of the state were made obsolete, leaving the racial enemies of the state as the sole carriers of the burden of national pariahs. Propaganda and film would play a disconcertingly influential role in the social facilitation of the Holocaust the essential psychological background whereby a nation might be made complicit in mass, statesponsored murder. As the violence and oppression against the Jews (and against gypsies, the handicapped and homosexuals) was increased, so the state began to use film and culture as a means to making the population complicit in their racial crimes. Reichskristallnacht (89 November 1938), for example, was a stateignited campaign of hatred against Jewry that was completed by the ordinary German people, a spontaneous orgy of destruction that would have been unimaginable were it not for the driptap effect of incessant fascist film making and media saturation, as Kershaw (2000:1412) underscores. The scale and nature of the savagery, and the apparent aim of maximising degradation and humiliation, reflected the success of propaganda in demonising the figure of the Jew certainly within the organisations of the Party itself and massively enhanced the process, underway since Hitlers takeover of power, of dehumanising Jews and excluding them from German society a vital step on the way to genocide. Der Erwige Jude (The Eternal Jew), the most extreme example of film utilised as a weapon of war, was a blatant and extreme vision of the life of common Jewry; the degradation of the living condition in the Warsaw Ghettoes providing the inspiration for the movies creator, Josef Goebbels who visited the area in 1940. The film portrayed Jews as vermin, cementing the belief in the viewer (coupled with state newspaper and radio) that the Jews were not only the enemy of the state but, more importantly, subhuman. As with all aspects of Nazi Germany, the murderous end effect can only be understood by taking the gradual desensitisation of the nation into account, a phenomenon that propaganda and film were instrumental in helping to bring about. Chapter Two: Occupied France: Vichy Collaboration in Moulding the Image of Fascist Europe The French experience of film was, until the continentwide rise of fascism, much the same as in Germany even if there were also fundamental differences between the two countries that made the transition from democracy to authoritarianism a more traumatic experience for the French, one that the nation has still not fully come to terms with. To start with, France, more than any other European nation, is synonymous with high culture, art and vision, characterised as the trend setting nation for creativity throughout the western world. Via Marcel Duchamp, for example, France was home to the origination of abstract art, his sculpture, Fountain (1917) often cited as a watershed in art and visual intention in the history of the West. In addition, France had dictatorship thrust upon it in a different way to the Germans. Clearly, autocracy can only arise from it being forcibly imposed on a population, yet in Germany it was Germans taking control of their own people, whereas, after the symbolic signing of the armistice on 22 June 1940, the French were dictated to by Germany from the vantage point of a vanquished nation. Therefore, there was more a sense of cultural partition between France in the 1930s and France in the 1940s that was not the case over the Alsace border into Germany. This starting point of a nation being defeated in war has been, ultimately, the greatest stumbling block regarding a better historical comprehension of the excesses of Vichy both from within and outside of French borders: for as long as the French were willing to rewrite history to paint the picture of a demoralised people who were fundamentally opposed to the right wing ideology of National Socialism, the country would be unable to see its true reflection. However, after the accumulation of two generations of historiography, Vichy was gradually deemed to be an active collaborator in the extremism that was witnessed in French culture and politics between 1940 and 1945 rather than a government coerced into cooperation. Marshall Pà ©tain may have been little more than a puppet figurehead, but he represented a large sector of conservative France that wished to eradicate the achievements of the artistic and philosophical endeavour of the early twentieth century so as to reembrace outmod ed notions of colonial France. Indeed, the right wing bloc who made up the core of the Vichy government were sympathetic to the anti-Semitic views of the Nazis the botched military trial of Captain Alfred Dreyfus for spying in 1894 highlighting a chequered history of a country that had barely bothered to even notice its own deeply resentful views concerning the Jews. The official separation of Church and State by law in 1905 merely paid lip service to a deepseated problem of prejudice in France. Although France had changed geographically, ethnically, politically and culturally between the two decades, a certain sense of continuity is detectable in French cinema of the period, which was certainly not the case in Germany. This was due to a combination of German censorship and genuine Vichy desire to ignore the shameful effect of the Occupation. As JeanPierre Jeancolas attests in his essay on the 1945 Vichy sponsored picture, Les Enfants du Paradis (2000:78), the realism that French cinema was so famous for showed no signs of cracking after 1940. The occupation of France in 1940, the control direct or indirect of its cinema by the German forces, condemned use of the present tense. Fiction films were allowed, at best, to portray a kind of vague present day, a period which had the appearance of the present, but not its singular hardships: the cars or the costumes are of 1943, but the French are depicted in light-hearted romantic entanglements, stories that never show the daily problems of finding food, or the presence of Nazi uniforms. Mention must be made of the division in France after her capitulation in 1940. Put simply, the country was split into half via north and south, whereby Paris, Brittany and the northern shores were deemed to be part of a territory called Free France, while the southern part of the nation, including major cities such Marseilles and Bordeaux (both of which had large ethnic and Jewish communities) was placed under the control of the Vichy Government. Vichy struggled to unite the two divisions until 1943 at the earliest, a time which signalled an increase in French resistance as, after the Battle of Stalingrad (February 1943) the sense of a slow protracted capitulation in the East led to a renewed sense of optimism in the West. It is important, therefore, to recognise the difficulty in defining a singular French brand of cinema after 1940. There were noticeable anomalies in how the Germans treated the two main zones. Newsreel propaganda, for instance, was different: in the Occupied Zone, cinemas screened antiBritish German newsreels, while in the Unoccupied Zone, Vichy largely steered clear of any mention of the war of the German presence in France at all. It is likewise important to recognise that the Vichy propaganda machine was not under the same level of autocratic control as was the case in Germany. There was no allpowerful figurehead to rival Goebbels in France. Pierre Laval was the clearest comparison to him but the Deputy Prime Minister spent much of his time in Paris negotiating with the Germans. In addition, Laval believed fervently in the power of broadcast media as the fundamental tool to seduce a weary population, neglecting largely the cinema and music. Furthermore, Laval delegated control of the propaganda machine to Paul Marion after 1942, which meant a discernible lack of leadership. A comparable model to Goebbels extensive communications system cannot be found in Vichy France. However, this does not mean to say that the Vichy Government was without persuasion or an ideology of its own. Although Occupied France was under the control of Germany, Vichy was given leeway in terms of national reeducation and, as the administration grew more secure in the southern part of the country (coinciding with entire divisions of German troops leaving France to fight on the increasingly demoralising Eastern Front), so a discernibly French model of fascism was seen in all walks of life, extending quickly to the national movie community. Continuity in all areas is the chief characteristic of Vichy cinema. As beforehand, Paris remained the creative hub of wartime France; many of the cast and directors of the films of the thirties remained to star in Vichy pictures. Jean Gabin and Michele Morgan were two big name stars who fled the country, but the rest mostly remained in France and continued to work. The Germans did not permit French films to cross the demarcation line until February 1941 when it became apparent that the same stifling effect of authoritarianism was prevalent in French as well as German cinema: there was no question of antiGerman films being shown because they were not being made. As a rule, movies produced during the Vichy years were unanimously nostalgic. As in the 1930s, many of the movies of the early 1940s were scripted around the French experience of World War One, characterising the recent experiences of the nation in the form of one actor or actress. The core Vichy values of family, la patrie and duty were cited in almost every film of the period, such as La Voile Bleue (1942), an anachronistic view of rural southern France that was the biggest commercial success of the forties in France. However, as Julian Jackson (2001:3201) details and contrary to popular belief, there was not a plethora of explicit right wing propaganda present in films made on the fascist side of the Vichy watershed. Paradoxically, many themes that one might expect to have figured more prominently after 1940, almost disappeared from the screen. Before 1940, many French films contained critical portrayals of British characters; after 1940 the British are absent. Before 1940 films had frequently depicted Germans sympathetically; after 1940, despite collaboration, Germans almost disappear from the screen. In the 1930s, antagonism to foreigners had been a frequent theme; after 1940 it was less present. Most surprisingly of all, whereas hostile depictions of Jews had proliferated in the 1930s, they are almost absent after 1940 As far as feature films are concerned, if they reflect anything different from the films of the 1930s it is Vichys desperate wish to believe the outside world did not exist. If a viewer was unaware of the historical subtext of the films produced during the 1930s and 1940s in France, they would not know occupation occurred at any point. But perhaps this was precisely the point: to cover over the huge dent in national pride at having to endure occupation by pretending that it did not exist. Learning from Goebbels, Vichy would also have been aware that, regarding propaganda, less can often mean more. Chapter Three: Josef Goebbels and the Intervention of Propaganda Cinema Unlike in France where a clear line of cinematic continuity can be traced, in Germany there is little doubt that movies made pre1933 would not be funded under Nazi rule. Kuhle Wampe (1932), for instance, was a decidedly Weimar production. The film was written and coproduced by Bertolt Brecht who was known within Germany to be a left wing film maker and sympathiser, yet one who did not favour the heavyhanded film making approach, as the following excerpt (1996:138) underscores. This way of subordinating everything to a single idea, this passion for propelling the spectator along a single track where he can look neither right nor left, up nor down, is something that the new school of play righting must reject. Betraying such antiauthoritarian views, it is no surprise that Kuhle Wampe turned out to be a socialist classic, an art house production made all the more poignant due to the cusp of the historical wave upon which contemporary Germany was riding. Brechts vision of a utopian community that rejects pricefixing and imperialism has been viewed as the last independent breathe of Weimar culture the final flourish before people such as the writer left Germany forever. Films such as Kuhle Wampe, as well as The Threepenny Opera, Kameradschaft and The Blue Angel all produced between 1930 and 1932 ensured that the shift, when it inevitably came, towards the right was all the more transparent because pictures such as these simply ceased to exist in Germany after 1933. Propaganda and cinema were married in the Third Reich like never before. Deconstruction of the pluralist approach of Weimars brief democratic tradition was the first step the Nazis took in reconfiguring the German nation in their own distorted image, followed inevitably by the edification of a new mythology, built exclusively around the twin pillars of the ubiquitous power of the Fuhrer and the antiGerman predilections of the communists and international Jewry. At first, of the two, the Fuhrer Myth was the most important solidifying effect in the Nazi consolidation of power. Hitler had learnt from Mussolini the herald of Fascism according to Hugh TrevorRoper (1995:174) that a tyrant could exert sole control over a modern, industrial European country but only via eliminating all competing iconography and elevating the leader to a quasireligious status, which could only be achieved by extensive propaganda exercises. As Ian Kershaw (1998:289) explains, the all encompassing image of Hitler portrayed in banners across German cities, in schools and in cinemas throughout the nation was vital not only in securing the stability of the Nazi State but also in making a subliminal connection between himself and the traditional heroes of German history within the broader national consciousness. For Hitler himself, the Fuhrer myth was both a propaganda weapon and a central tenet of belief. His own greatness could be implicitly but unmistakably underscored by repeated reference to Bismarck, Frederick the Great and Luther. Initially, even Goebbels was taken aback by the way in which the Nazis were able to instil their extremism throughout the country. A process that should have been osmotic took place with astonishing rapidity, as the Propaganda Minister (1996:41) himself explained in April 1933. What we are now experiencing is only the transfer of our own dynamism and legality to the state. This is taking place with such breathtaking speed that one scarcely has any time to call his own. Goebbels considered himself to be a man of culture and the filmmakers that he most admired did not come from the right wing stock that one would naturally associate with the Propaganda Minister. For example, Goebbels was a big fan of American cinema and he privately thought that the film making industry in the United States was far ahead of German production to that point. One of his favourite movies, although he denounced it in public, was Gone with the Wind, and he was likewise a great fan of the icon of Soviet propagandist cinema, Eisensteins Battleship Potemkin. Within the broader sphere of German film making during the period 1935 to 1945, Goebbels was the most important man in the country. All of the guidelines pertaining to film production in the postsilent era were rewritten after the Nazis seized power. As ever, culture and film became officially politicised and, as a by-product of Gleischaltung, the movie production apparatus fell into the hands of the Reich Ministry for Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda. Therefore, without Goebbels patronage a film would never make it past the level of script. His control was absolute, even extending to the question of financing production. Whereas under the Weimar Republic censorship and rating were separate bodies, the Nazis held onto both principles offering a tax rebate for positive film ratings, thus exerting considerable financial pressure on production companies that persisted in making unsatisfactory films. Reuth (1993:1945), in his rich biography of Goebbels, details the full extent of his control over movie making in Germany during this period, a description of a cultural power more potent than any available to the leader of each of the German Armed Forces. He had lists prepared of his favourite actors, as well as of Hitlers. He also kept close track of upandcoming talent, which he insisted on seeing for himself producers also depended on Goebbels favour, for he had created a comprehensive apparatus that allowed him to intervene in all phases of film production. The film department in the Propaganda Ministry, whose director Ernst Seeger served simultaneously as head of the office of film standards, oversaw production planning. All screenplays were examined for appropriate artistic and intellectual attitudes He [Goebbels] read film scripts almost every evening, and not infrequently revised them according to his own notions, using a green ministers pencil that became infamous among directors. Only after he had approved a project could the Film Credit Bank respond to a request for financing. Goebbels would even intervene in the shooting, often dropping in on studio, checking the rushes, and rating the finished product. From October 1935 on , he alone determined which films would be banned. Goebbels was the first head of communications anywhere in the autocratic world to understand the power of cinema in seducing a country; combined with his absolute control over all areas of broadcasting, films would see to it that Germans saw no other image of themselves apart from the vision in his mind for over ten years. However, this is not to state that films made in Germany during this period ought to be dismissed as wasteful propaganda, good for nothing but a lens through which to view National Socialist ideals. As will become apparent, a great many German productions of this time were goodhumoured, light hearted affairs that do not conform to the preconceived notion of a nation forced to watch endless versions of Der Erwige Jude and similarly dark depictions of dictatorship. Although many films were made that were instantly recognisable as party political broadcasts, such as Patrioten (1937), there were likewise others that provided a more panoramic view of Germanys splintered cultural psyche during the Third Reich. The following two chapters will examine two polar opposites of Third Reich cinema Heimatfilme and Exilfilme two bookends of the typically Nazi notion of home and abroad. As always when revisiting the ideology of National Socialism, there was very little room for any grey area in between extremes Chapter Four: Heimatfilme 47.8 per cent of the films produced during the Third Reich were comedies, 27 per cent were problem films, 11.2 per cent were adventure stories and only 14 per cent were considered outright propaganda films (Reuth, 1993:283). One of the most cherished German films of all time, Die Feuerzangenbowle (1944) was made during the darkest most desperate days of the war when all but the most closeted and narrow minded of Nazis could see that the war was never going to end in a German victory. The story, involving a mature student who never got to enjoy the hilarity of public school, could not have been, aesthetically and emotionally, further away from the politics of the time. But that was the point all along. By manipulating the mood of the audience, the Nazi propaganda state could change focus as and when external events demanded it. Die Feuerzangenbowle, for instance, might never have been produced if it was created during the honeymoon period of the early years of the dictatorship. Clearly, propaganda can be inserted into a storyline via more subtle camera and plot techniques and this is how Goebbels set about reenforcing core ideals into the German film loving audience. According to Reuth (1993:284), Goebbels and the Nazi propaganda machine preferred a more pervasive approach to political persuasion, especially concerning the most important issue of armed conflict on two fronts. Goebbels saw to it that the war, which became the main theme in films from 1939 on, was linked to the most varied genres, so as to make indoctrination of the audience imperceptible and keep the medium of film attractive. As he expected of all his propaganda ideally, so too in film, one and the same message was to be conveyed over and over again under constantly varied aspects. Of all the creative, cinematic options open to Goebbels, the most popular genre favoured by the Nazi hierarchy was the Heimatfilme, a uniquely German cinematic experience that played on the national obsession with the homeland. Apart from Austria, no other European country has the same nostalgic disposition towards artistic portrayal of the homeland quite like Germany. Because the nation was only unified after the FrancoPrussian War in 1871, successive generations of German film makers consistently looked back to the patriarchal preindustrial period inciting dreamy landscapes and a simple way of life to try to evoke the sense of longing the displaced German people of the countryside may have felt before unification. Manuala Von Papen (1999:12) highlights the reasons why Heimatfilme appealed to the Nazi leadership. This seems to be a genre virtually exclusive to the German-speaking countries and therefore untranslatable. Heimat means home, but also much more than that; it also stands for the entirety of ones cultural, social, ethical and historical heritage and provides an individual, a group of a whole nation with their identity, their Heimatgefà ¼hl. Clearly, the notions of volk (people) and heimat (home) were central concepts to the longevity of National Socialism. By combining the two, Heimatfilme leant the Nazis the opportunity to pander to the broader European taste for nostalgia as well as reenforcing the belief that Hitler was the true defender of German interests abroad. In a revolutionary move in light of the despotism of the regime, the Third Reich severed the equation of dictatorship with brainwashing propaga